www.sare.org publications managing-alternative-pollinators bibliography Bibliography Arbury, J., R. Bird, M. Honour, C. Innes, and M. Salmon. 1997. The Complete Book of Plant Propagation. Taunton. Newtown, CT. Baker, H. G. and I. Baker. 1983. A brief historical review of the chemistry of floral nectar. In The Biology of Nectaries. B. Bentley and T. Elias (eds.) Columbia University Press. New York, NY. […]
www.sare.org publications managing-alternative-pollinators appendix-g-ipm-for-beekeepers Appendix G: IPM for Beekeepers Eric Mader, Pollinator Outreach Coordinator, the Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation Regardless of what bee species you keep, a significant amount of beekeeping involves controlling parasites and disease. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a set of principles used in agriculture to control pests and diseases in the most effective and sustainable way possible. As a […]
www.sare.org publications managing-alternative-pollinators appendix-f-nest-material-comparison-for-leafcutter-and-mason-bees Appendix F: Nest Material Comparison for Leafcutter and Mason Bees Eric Mader, Pollinator Outreach Coordinator, the Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation Appendix F consists of tables on nest materials for Leafcutter and Mason bees. Download a PDF of these tables.
www.sare.org publications managing-alternative-pollinators appendix-e-hybrid-nest-blocks-for-cavity-nesting-bees Appendix E: Hybrid Nest Blocks for Cavity-Nesting Bees Eric Mader, Pollinator Outreach Coordinator, the Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation Hybrid nest blocks combine the attributes of both solid board nests and the loose-cell management system (Figure E.1). Such systems use removable paper inserts for nest liners to facilitate annual nest block cleaning. This is essential to remove disease spores such as chalkbrood and […]
www.sare.org publications managing-alternative-pollinators appendix-d-reducing-bee-poisoning-from-pesticides reducing-pesticide-toxicity Reducing Pesticide Toxicity While the labels of agricultural chemicals usually list any potential hazards to honey bees, there is usually no information about the hazards to other bees. Application rates that only irritate honey bees may be more harmful to smaller bee species. Pesticide formulations should be chosen with caution. In general, powders and microencapsulated pesticides tend to […]
www.sare.org publications managing-alternative-pollinators appendix-d-reducing-bee-poisoning-from-pesticides controlling-spray-drift Controlling Spray Drift Spray drift can occur either as spray droplets or vapors—as happens when a volatile liquid changes to a gas. Factors affecting drift include weather, application method, equipment settings, and spray formulation. Weather-related drift increases with temperature, wind velocity, and convection air currents, as well as during temperature inversions. Wind-related drift can be minimized by spraying […]
www.sare.org publications managing-alternative-pollinators appendix-d-reducing-bee-poisoning-from-pesticides reducing-pesticide-use Reducing Pesticide Use Agricultural practices like crop rotation and the use of resistant crop varieties can reduce the need for pesticides. Monitoring fields for actionable levels of activity rather than routine scheduled spraying is also advised. These are some of the basic strategies of integrated pest management (IPM), a philosophical approach to reducing pesticide use. IPM employs biological […]
www.sare.org publications managing-alternative-pollinators appendix-d-reducing-bee-poisoning-from-pesticides Appendix D: Reducing Bee Poisoning from Pesticides Eric Mader, Pollinator Outreach Coordinator, the Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation Pesticide poisoning of bees usually occurs in one of three different ways: The absorption of toxic chemicals through the bee’s exoskeleton; From drinking contaminated nectar; or From eating contaminated pollen during the larval development stage. Other less common forms of pesticide poisoning can also […]
www.sare.org publications managing-alternative-pollinators appendix-c-plants-for-bee-ranching Appendix C: Plants for Bee Ranching Eric Mader, Pollinator Outreach Coordinator, the Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation A bee pasture is managed for plants that maximize bee reproduction (“bee ranching”). This is a different goal from habitat conservation or honey production. To be effective a pasture must provide an abundant bloom throughout the nesting period—especially in the early stages of bee […]
www.sare.org publications managing-alternative-pollinators appendix-b-x-ray-procedures-for-cavity-nesting-bees Appendix B: X-Ray Procedures for Cavity-Nesting Bees Eric Mader, Pollinator Outreach Coordinator, the Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation Inspection of dormant cavity-nesting bees and bee larvae is a difficult process. For example, dormant adult mason bees inside reed or cardboard nest tubes cannot be inspected without splitting the tube lengthwise. Once revealed, the cocoons themselves often provide few clues as to the […]