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The Social Aspect of Sustainable Land Management:
Tohono O’odham’s story
Successful range management incorporates flexibility, mobility and reciprocity,
particularly when the range is jointly owned. Then, management also becomes
about maintaining relationships.
A participatory planning and education project funded by SARE on the Tohono
O’odham Nation in Arizona highlights the power of personal relationships
to influence land management on communally managed rangelands.
The Tohono O’odham Nation encompasses 2.8 million acres of Sonoran desert
habitat, ranging from grasslands in higher rainfall areas of the eastern region
to desert scrub that dominates the drier northern and western regions. For the
last 300 years, livestock have provided a source of cash, subsistence, food
for community feasts and ceremonies, social status and political clout.
On some parts of the nation, uncontrolled livestock grazing has degraded rangelands,
accelerating erosion, facilitating mesquite invasions and replacing desirable
plant communities with less palatable and less productive plants.
With cattle running in common, it is difficult to control grazing, provide
rest periods and manage herd genetics. Thus, when the livestock are sold off
the reservation, producers typically receive a price lower than the market price
because of less desirable livestock genetics.
To improve range conditions, the nation was fenced into nine grazing districts
during the 1930s, but local producers were not consulted. Traditional territories
were split, causing economic hardship, provoking lasting resentment toward the
government and creating animosity among some neighbors.
A SARE-funded project confronted the nation’s range management problems
by addressing the unique social and environmental aspects of its rangeland management.
Using a participatory
approach to planning and education, University of Arizona researchers facilitated
dialog among tribal members and other range professionals to adapt range management
principles developed in more productive grasslands to the environmental and
cultural context of the Tohono O’odham Nation.
The resulting plan, based on findings that typical stocking rates have less
influence on perennial plants than the variability of rainfall, emphasizes community
cooperation rather than dividing the open range into individual allotments.
Participants plan to build consensus for herd management and controlled access
to watering points.
The series of workshops, which combined scientific and local knowledge, created
so much public support that an Agriculture and Natural Resources Program was
initiated at the Tohono O’odham Community College. The workshop curriculum
was expanded, forming the basis for an associate degree program.
The college developed its degree program using a participatory process modeled
after the SARE project, says Jennifer Arnold Musa, who coordinated the SARE
project. “Many of the community participants and elders who collaborated
in the SARE project are still active members in program planning,” she
says. “Some SARE project participants have gone on to take classes or
even a formal role in the development of the AG&NR program.”
Two new faculty members have been hired to teach the classes and an extension
agent is developing outreach activities for youth. Junior rodeos have been a
big success in getting kids interested, and the college hopes that these activities
will raise the program’s profile and gradually attract students to their
program.
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