• drone and worker comb: wax comb built by bees for storing
honey and pollen and for rearing drone (male) and worker (female)
honey bees, respectively. The cells that make up drone comb are
slightly larger than those that make up worker comb.
• larva: the feeding stage of an immature insect.
• pupa: the quiescent stage of an immature insect during
which time it undergoes dramatic physiological and morphological
changes as undergoes the transition from the larval stage to the
adult stage.
• brood: the immature stages of the honey bee, including
the egg, larval and pupal stages. Immature workers and drones
develop in worker and drone cells, respectively. Queens are reared
in special queen cells, which are seasonal and relatively few
in number.
• capped stage: the period when a cell containing an immature
bee is capped with wax. A brood cell is capped from the late larval
stage until the bee emerges from the cell as an adult.
• hemolymph: insect blood.
• pest density: the number of pests in a sample of known
size. Mite density can be measured several ways. Some of these
include the number of mites per adult bee, the number of mites
per 300 adult bees, or the number of mites in a standard volume
of adult bees.
• economic injury level (EIL): the lowest pest density
that causes economic damage.
• economic threshold level (ETL): the pest density that
triggers an action designed to prevent the pest population from
reaching the economic injury level. The ETL is always less thanor
equal to the EIL.
• pesticide: includes many kinds of ingredients used in
products, such as insecticides, miticides, fungicides, rodenticides,
insect repellants, weed killers, antimicrobials, and swimming
pool chemicals, which are designed to prevent, destroy, repel,
or reduce pests of any sort.
• pyrethroids: a class of synthetic pesticides with chemical
structures similar to pyrethrum, a naturally-occurring substance
in chrysanthemums with pesticidal activity. Generally, moderate
to high doses of pyrethroids are necessary to cause acute toxicity
in mammals. Apistan® (fluvalinate) is a pyrethroid used for
controlling V. destructor.
• organophosphates (OP’s): a class of synthetic pesticides
containing phosphorous. Generally, very low doses of OP’s
can cause acute toxicity in mammals. OP’s can also cause
cumulative, irreversible nerve damage at sub-lethal doses. CheckMite+®
(coumaphos) is an OP registered for control of V. destructor
in some states.
• organic acids: a group of carbon-bearing acids, including
acetic, formic, lactic and oxalic acids. Organic acids can cause
severe burns to the skin, eyes and respiratory system. Mite-Away
II™ is a formulation of formic acid registered in the US
for control of V. destructor.
• essential oil: the volatile and aromatic liquid or semi-solid
obtained from a single botanical species, primarily through a
distillation, expression or extraction process. Essential oils
are blends of many compounds, the various compounds being natural
products, many of which act as antibiotics and/or pesticides.
One such compound, thymol, is derived from thyme oil and is the
primary active ingredient in Api-Life VAR™, a product registered
for control of V. destructor in some states.
• tolerance: the maximum residue limit, which is the amount
of pesticide residue allowed to remain in or on a treated food
commodity. If residues exceed the tolerance level, the commodity
is subject to seizure and destruction. Some pesticides are exempt
from tolerance (e.g. formic acid), while others have a time-limited
exemption that must be periodically renewed (e.g. thymol, menthol
and eucalyptus oil).
• off-label use: the use of any registered pesticide in
a manner inconsistent with its label.
• Integrated Pest Management (IPM): a pest management program
based on the coordinated use of multiple tactics (including biological,
cultural, genetic, mechanical and chemical) and environmental
data (pest densities, economic thresholds) and designed to maintain
pest populations below the economic injury level with the least
disruption to the environment.
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